§16§§§§This book explores contemporary and historical examples of bureaucratic discretion to describe a continuum of resistance to authoritative directives by hierarchical superiors. Resistance ranges from blind obedience or complete nonresistance to street-level opposition; in between these extremes, however, are minimal compliance and resistance sanctioned by immediate superiors. Although politicians may pass legislation, the subject of bureaucratic implementation or lack thereof remains an area of vital concern. Grounded in administrative theory (beginning with Woodrow Wilson's seminal discussion of the virtue of adopting a businesslike approach to American governing) and emphasizing the power of street-level bureaucrats, the aim of this book is to expand awareness of the potentially dangerous power of insulated bureaucrats. §§§§ §04§1. Theoretical Grounding of Bureaucratic Ethics.- 2. Theoretical Grounding of Democratic Accountability.- 3. Checks on Bureaucracy, Organizational Accountability and Organizational Culture.- 4. Discretion and Local Policy - Local Law Enforcement.- 5. Discretion and National Policy - National Law Enforcement and Veterans Affairs Abuses.- 6. Discretion and Foreign Policy.- 7. Conclusions. §02§Steven G. Koven is Professor of Urban and Public Affairs at the University of Louisville, USA. He is author or co-author of ten books and many journal articles. §04§le §§G. Conclusions§§Part II Application§§Chapter 4 §§Discretion and Local Policy - Local Law Enforcement§§A. Introduction§§B. History of Police Abuse§§1. Pre-1960s Abuse§§2. Post-1960s Abuse§§a. Civil Rights Protests§§b. Police Provocation and Urban Riots§§c. Police and Anti-War Demonstrators§§d. Specific High Profile Cases of Police Abuse§§C. Contemporary Police Controversies§§1. Sanford, Florida§§2. Ferguson, Missouri§§3. Chicago §§4. Cincinnati§§D. Contemporary Police Controversies§§1. Baltimore§§2. New York City§§3. North Charleston, South Carolina§§E. Possible Checks on Local Police Discretion§§1. Organizational Reforms§§2. Whistleblowing - Case of Frank Serpico§§F. Conclusions§§Chapter 5 §§Discretion and National Policy -National Law Enforcement and Veterans Affairs Abuses§§A. Introduction§§B. History of F.B.I§§1. Genesis§§2. Early Successes§§C. Controversies - J. Edgar Hoover§§1. Red Scare and Early Image of the FBI§§2. Later Abuses of the FBI§§D. Cont §04§roversies -Mark Felt and James Comey§§1. Mark Felt§§2. James Comey§§E. Jurisdictional Controversies§§1. ICE§§2. Sanctuary Cities§§F. Possible Checks on Agency Abuses - Whistleblowing§§1. Sam Foote, the Doctor who Launched the VA Scandal §§2. Additional VA Whistleblower§§G. Conclusions§§Chapter 6§§Discretion and Foreign Policy §§A. Introduction§§B. History of C.I.A. and N.S.A§§1. Creation of the CIA§§2. Early Successes and Evolution§§3. Creation of the NSA§§4. Early Successes and Evolution§§C. Foreign Policy Controversies§§1. Vietnam Body Counts§§2. Abu Ghraib Prisoner Interrogation§§3. Iran-Contra Funding§§4. Black Budget Operations§§5. Secret Surveillance NSA/Snowden§§D. Possible Checks on Foreign Policy§§1. Media and Public Op
