This book analyzes the transformation of ethnic and religious political parties in Turkey with special focus on their role in the country's democratization and regime changes. Turkey went through a process of autocratization under the rule of the AKP government over the last two decades. Scholars question the structural, agent-centered and cultural factors that led the country on this path, and provide the lessons learnt from this case for other cases of democratic decline or breakdown. This book contributes to this debate. It treats the three national elections (2002, 2007, 2015-June) as opportunities for democratization, in which the Islamist-successor AKP (in 2002, 2007) and the Kurdish-successor HDP (in 2015-June) managed to overcome identity politics and received the organized support from social groups outside of their traditional constituency. This book argues that in a semi-democratic context where repressive acts of the state (e.g. banning of parties, arresting politicians)have been subject to widespread public criticism, confronting the state becomes a salient issue. When these parties manage to frame this issue as one of democracy, they take ownership of it, and this then becomes an opportunity for democratizing the regime. This opportunity, yet, can be missed if the party follows an office-seeking strategy rather than a policy-seeking one.
Chapter 1. Comparing Ethnic and Religious Parties in Turkey.- Chapter 2. Comparing the Origins of the AKP and the HDP.- Chapter 3. A Discursive Opportunity Structure to Confront the State.- Chapter 4. State Repression, Issue-ownership and the Populist Surge: Comparing the AKP and the HDP.- Chapter 5. Conclusion: Consequences on regime change.
Pelin Ayan Musil is a Senior Researcher at the Institute of International Relations, Prague in the Czech Republic.
