§16§Formulation science plays an important role in colloid and physical chemistry, but also in analytical chemistry and chemical engineering. For the design of such everyday products as detergents, cosmetics, paints, pharmaceuticals, food and others, different formulation techniques are needed.§ §Written by one of the most experienced authors and leading scientists in the field worldwide, this is the first truly comprehensive coverage of this exciting topic. Starting with a general introduction, this one-stop reference presents the science and technology behind the formulation of disperse systems, such as emulsions, suspensions, and foams, while also including many practical examples.§ §With its unified concept, this book is indispensable for chemists in industry, chemical engineers, the pharmaceutical industry, polymer, surface and physical chemists, as well as food technologists, materials scientists and those working in the paints and coatings industry. §04§Preface§ §GENERAL INTRODUCTION§Suspensions§Latexes§Emulsions§Suspoemulsions§Multiple Emulsions§Nanosuspensions§Nanoemulsions§Microemulsions§Pigment and Ink Dispersions§Foams§ §SURFACTANTS USED IN FORMULATION OF DISPERSIONS§General Classification of Surface-Active Agents§ §PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS AND THE PROCESS OF MICELLISATION§Thermodynamics of Micellisation§Enthalpy and Entropy of Micellisation§ §DISPERSANTS AND POLYMERIC SURFACTANTS§Solution Properties of Polymeric Surfactants§General Classification of Polymeric Surfactants§Polyelectrolytes§ §ADSORPTION OF SURFACTANTS AT THE AIR/LIQUID, LIQUID/LIQUID, AND SOLID/LIQUID INTERFACES§Introduction§Adsorption of Surfactants at the Air/Liquid (A/L) and Liquid/Liquid (L/L) Interfaces§The Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm§Equation of State Approach§The Langmuir, Szyszkowski, and Frumkin Equations§Interfacial Tension Measurements§ §04§Adsorption of Surfactants at the Solid/Liquid (S/L) Interface§ §ADSORPTION OF POLYMERIC SURFACTANTS AT THE SOLID/LIQUID INTERFACE§Theories of Polymer Adsorption§Experimental Techniques for Studying Polymeric Surfactant Adsorption§Determination of Segment Density Distribution p(z) and Adsorbed Layer Thickness§Examples of the Adsorption Isotherms of Nonionic Polymeric Surfactants§ §COLLOID STABILITY OF DISPERSE SYSTEMS CONTAINING ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYERS§Origin of Charge on Surfaces§Structure of the Electrical Double Layer§Stern-Grahame Model of the Double Layer§Distinction between Specific and Nonspecific Adsorbed Ions§Electrical Double Layer Repulsion§van der Waals Attraction§Total Energy of Interaction§Flocculation of Suspensions§Criteria for Stabilisation of Dispersions with Double Layer Interaction§ §STABILITY OF DISPERSE SYSTEMS CONTAINING ADSORBED NONIONIC SURFACTANTS OR POLYMERS: STERIC STABILISATION§Introduction
Interaction between Particles Containing Adsorbed Nonionic and Polymeric Surfactant Layers (Steric Stabilisation)§Mixing Interaction Gmix§Elastic Interaction Gel§Total Energy of Interaction§Criteria for Effective Steric Stabilisation§Flocculation of Sterically Stabilised Dispersions§ §FORMULATION OF SOLID/LIQUID DISPERSIONS (SUSPENSIONS)§Introduction§Preparation of Suspensions§Condensation Methods: Nucleation and Growth§Dispersion Methods§Bulk Properties of Suspensions§ §FORMULATION OF LIQUID/LIQUID DISPERSIONS (EMULSIONS)§Introduction§Industrial Applications of Emulsions§Physical Chemistry of Emulsion Systems§Adsorption of Surfactants at the Liquid/Liquid Interface§Selection of Emulsifiers§Creaming or Sedimentation of Emulsions§Flocculation of Emulsions§General Rules for Reducing (Eliminating) Flocculation§Ostwald Ripening§Emulsion Coalescence§Phase Inversion§ §FORMULATION OF SUSPOEMULSIONS (MIXTURE §04§S OF SUSPENSIONS AND EMULSIONS)§Introduction§Suspoemulsions in Paints§Suspoemulsions in Agrochemicals§ §FORMULATION OF MULTIPLE EMULSIONS§Introduction§Preparation of Multiple Emulsions§Types of Multiple Emulsions§Breakdown Processes of Multiple Emulsions§Factors Affecting Stability of Multiple Emulsions, and Criteria for Their Stabilisation§General Description of Polymeric Surfactants§Interaction between Oil or Water Droplets Containing an Adsorbed Polymeric Surfactant: Steric Stabilisation§Examples of Multiple Emulsions Using Polymeric Surfactants§Characterisation of Multiple Emulsions§Rheological Measurements§ §PREPARATION OF NANOSUSPENSIONS§Introduction§Nucleation and Growth, and Control of Particle Size Distribution§Preparation of Nanosuspensions by Bottom-Up Processes§Preparation of Nanosuspensions Using the Bottom-Down Process§ §FORMULATION OF NANOEMULSIONS<
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