§16§§This book gives basic facts about litter decomposition studies, which are of guidance for scientists who start studies. Since the publication of the third edition, §16§ may in part change our view on effects of climate change.§§Further information on applications of the new analytical technique (13C-NMR) for determining organic-chemical compounds has allowed us to develop these parts.§Focus is laid on needle litter of Scots pine as a model substrate as this species has been considerably more studied than other litter species. Also the boreal/northern temperate coniferous forest has in part been given this role. Still, new information may allow us to develop information about litter from further tree species.§§§§§§ §04§Chapter 1 Introduction.- §04§er with focus on lignin.-
