§16§This thesis reports a major breakthrough in discovering the superconducting mechanism in §16§uting devices. §04§Introduction.- Superconducting Gap in CeCoIn 5 .- Pairing Mechanism in CeCoIn 5 .- Real and Momentum Space Probes in CeCoIn 5 : Defect States in Differential Conductance and Neutron Scattering Spin Resonance.- Transport in Nanoscale Kondo Lattices.- Charge and Spin Currents in Nanoscale Topological Insulators.- Conclusions.- Appendix: Keldysh Formalism for Transport. §02§John Van Dyke is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Iowa. He obtained his PhD from the University of Illinois, Chicago.