Consequences of Command : The Need for Strong Leadership at Crucial Times

Medal of Honor recipient Lieutenant General Robert F. Foley, US Army Retired, examines sixteen historic leadership failures, demonstrating how flawed decision-making at critical moments can produce catastrophic results. He uses a case-study approach to analyze moments when leaders failed to identify the core problem, ignored warning signs, or allowed arrogance, complacency, or institutional pressure to override sound judgment. The case studies range chronologically from Napoleon’s disastrous 1812 invasion of Russia through pivotal episodes of the American Civil War, the 1918 influenza pandemic, the development of airpower, the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Cold War and Vietnam-era crises, and into modern conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as non-military disasters such as the Challenger space shuttle explosion. Each chapter reconstructs what happened, identifies the key leadership failures, assigns responsibility, and distills practical lessons, often proposing alternative decisions that could have mitigated or prevented disaster. While acknowledging that the fundamental principles of leadership and warfare remain constant, the author shows how evolving technology, organizational complexity, and cultural factors place increasing strain on leaders’ judgment. The book concludes by emphasizing moral courage, accountability, and the duty of leaders to listen, challenge unsound orders, and protect those they lead. Foley ultimately argues that studying leadership failure—rather than success alone—offers the clearest lessons for preparing current and future leaders to make better decisions when the stakes are highest.