This book is aimed at the general reader who has an interest in knowing how modern astronomy is moving towards a steadily increasing understanding of galaxies. It is written from the point of view of the observational astrophysicist, stressing how observations have consistently led the way in opening new horizons. We first take a brief historical look at how the Milky Way was seen until the development of large telescopes, showing how recently we have come to realize that our Galaxy is not the whole Universe but is just one of billions of similar systems. You will learn how we now measure the size of our Galaxy, and what its structure is: disc, bulge, bar, halo, streams of infalling stars as our Galaxy swallows its smaller neighbours, and the supermassive black hole at the centre. The author then zooms out to describe our local group of galaxies, including the Milky Way, the Magellanic Clouds, the Andromeda galaxy, and the cloud of local dwarf galaxies. The next zoom takes you to nearby galaxy clusters, such as the Virgo cluster, and we see how galaxies are classified by their shape and structure: spirals, ellipticals, and irregulars. We discover the populations of stars which make up the galaxies, and an interesting sidelight shows how local galaxies can help us understand the history of the whole Universe, an exciting research branch called "near field cosmology". Zooming out beyond local galaxy clusters the reader will be shown how astronomers map the structure of the Universe as picked out by the large-scale distribution of the galaxies - sheets, filaments and voids. We are given a view of the evolution of galaxies based on the current standard cosmological model including present doubts and uncertainties. We see how the model can be tested by the observations. In the penultimate chapter the author gives us a view of astronomical techniques and instruments available over the full range of wavelengths from radio to gamma-rays, from the ground and space, showing
