§16§Polymers are substances made of macromolecules formed by thousands of atoms organized in one (homopolymers) or more (copolymers) groups that repeat themselves to form linear or branched chains, or lattice structures. The concept of polymer traces back to the years 1920's and is one of the most significant ideas of last century. It has given great impulse to indus try but also to fundamental research, including life sciences. Macromolecules are made of sm all molecules known as monomers. The process that brings monomers into polymers is known as polymerization. A fundamental contri bution to the industrial production of polymers, particularly polypropylene and polyethylene, is due to the Nobel prize winners Giulio Natta and Karl Ziegler. The ideas of Ziegler and Natta date back to 1954, and the process has been improved continuously over the years, particularly concerning the design and shaping of the catalysts. Chapter 1 (due to A. Fasano ) is devoted to a review of some results c §16§oncerning the modelling of the Ziegler- Natta polymerization. The specific ex am pie is the production of polypropilene. The process is extremely complex and all studies with relevant mathematical contents are fairly recent, and several problems are still open. §04§Polymerization.- 1 Mathematical Models for Polymerization Processes of Ziegler-Natta Type.- Nucleation.- 2 Classical Kinetic Theory of Nucleation and Coarsening.- 3 Multidimensional Theory of Crystal Nucleation.- 4 Kinetic Theory of Nucleation in Polymers.- Crystallization.- 5 Mathematical Models for Polymer Crystallization Processes.- 6 Polymer Crystallization Processes via Many Particle Systems.- Manufacturing.- 7 Modelling of Industrial Processes for Polymer Melts: Extrusion and Injection Moulding.- Appendix. Color Plates. §13§§From the reviews:§ §§ §"This book is a monograph in Springer's Mathematics in Industry series ... . It is a merit of the book that it can be read without much knowledge of the application area as such, but at the same time contains very useful analyses for researchers ... . it is certainly very well suited for a first encounter with a variety of mathematical modeling aspects ... . I can also recommend it for modeling classes at the graduate level, as well as to authors ... ." (Robert M. M. Mattheij, SIAM Review, Vol. 46 (1), 2004)§ §"This book provides the first unified presentation of the mathematical modelling of polymerisation, crystallisation and extrusion of polymer melts, by means of advanced methods, presented in an accessible way for applied scientists and engineers. The present volume is the result of a long-term co-operation between different polymer research terms in Europe." (Materials World, Vol. 11 (5), 2003)§ §04§Interaction with Latent Heat.- 5.7 Simulation of the Stochastic Model.- 5.8 Stochasticity of the Causal Cone.- 5.9 A Hybrid Model.- 5.10 Scaling Limits.- 5.11 Related Mathematical Problems.- References.- 6 Polymer Crystallization Processes via Many Particle Systems.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The Nucleation Process.- 6.3 Growth of Crystals.- 6.4 The Mass Distribution of Crystals.- 6.5 The Rates.- 6.6 The Time Evolution of the Processes ?Nand YN.- 6.7 Heuristic Derivation of a Continuum Dynamics.- References.- Manufacturing.- 7 Modelling of Industrial Processes for Polymer Melts: Extrusion and Injection Moulding.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Flow Instabihties in the Extrusion of Polymer Melts.- 7.3 Injection Moulding.- 7.4 Closing Remarks.- References.- Appendix. Color Plates.
