§04§Digestive System.- The Upper Gastrointestinal Tract. Esophagus, Stomach, Small Bowel, and Exocrine Pancreas.- The Large Intestine.- The Liver and Biliary System.- Endocrine System.- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal-Adrenal Axis.- The Aged Thyroid Gland.- Diabetes Mellitus in Advanced Age.- Sexual Function During Advancing Age.- Kidney and Urogenital System.- The Kidney.- Bladder and Prostate.- Haematological System.- Blood in the Aged.- Respiratory System.- Physiological and Pathological Aspects of the Respiratory System.- Rehabilitation.- Rehabilitation - Physical and Clinical Aspects.- Nutrition.- Nutritional Characteristics of the Elderly.- The Role of Nutrition in Human Aging.- Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism and Nutrition During Human Aging.- Vitamins and the Aging Process.- Human Aging and Obesity.- Drug Treatment.- Drug Treatment in the Aged. §04§diography.- 2. Endoscopy.- 3. Gastric Analysis.- 4. Serum Gastrin.- III. Diseases of the Stomach and Duodenum.- 1. Functional Disease.- 2. Peptic Ulcer.- 3. Gastritis and Duodenitis.- 4. Bezoars.- 5. Tumors.- D. Small Intestine.- I. The Aging Small Intestine.- II. Diagnostic Modalities.- 1. X-ray.- 2. Tests of Malassimilation.- III. Diarrhea.- IV. Diseases of the Small Bowel.- 1. Regional Granulomatous Enteritis.- 2. Vascular Diseases.- 3. Maldigestion due to Gastric Surgery.- 4. Disaccharidase Deficiencies.- 5. Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy.- 6. Bacterial Overgrowth Syndromes.- 7. Systemic Diseases Involving the Small Intestine.- 8. Malabsorption due to Drug Ingestion.- 9. Immunologic Deficiency Associated with Malabsorption.- 10. Whipple's Disease.- 11. Short Bowel Syndrome.- 12. Tumors.- a) Adenocarcinoma.- b) Lymphoma.- c) Leiomyosarcortia.- d) Premalignant Lesions.- e) Carcinoid Tumors.- f) Benign Tumors.- g) Telangiectasia and Angiodysplasia.- E. Exocrine Pancreas.- I. The Ag §04§ing Pancreas.- II. Diagnostic Modalities.- 1. Radiography.- 2. Endoscopic Retrograde Pancreatography.- 3. Function Tests.- III. Diseases.- 1. Acute Pancreatitis.- 2. Chronic Pancreatitis.- 3. Tumors.- a) Adenocarcinoma.- b) Islet Cell Tumors.- c) Benign Tumors.- References.- The Large Intestine.- A. The Anatomy and Physiology of the Aging Large Intestine.- B. Diagnostic Modalities.- I. Radiography.- II. Endoscopy.- III. Fecal Examination.- C. Diseases of the Large Intestine.- I. Functional Bowel Disorders.- 1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome.- 2. Constipation.- 3. Incontinence.- II. Diverticular Disease.- III. Appendicitis.- IV. Vascular Insufficiency.- V. Vascular Ectasia.- VI. Infectious Disease.- 1. Bacteria.- 2. Parasites.- VII. Inflammatory Bowel Disease.- 1. Ulcerative Colitis.- 2. Crohn's Colitis.- VIII. Colorectal Cancer.- IX. Benign Tumors.- References.- The Liver and Biliary System.- A. Liver.- I. Physiological Aging.- 1. Anatomical Changes.- 2. Functional Changes.- a) Biochemi §04§cal Changes.- b) Enzymatic Changes.- c) Hepatic Drug Metabolism in Old Age.- d) Changes in Liver Function Tests.- e) Bile Formation and Composition.- II. Diseases of the Liver in Old Age.- 1. Clinical Evaluation.- a) Biochemical Investigation.- b) Immunological Tests.- c) Haematology.- d) Radiology of the Hepatobiliary System.- e) Endoscopy.- f) Liver Biopsy.- g) Liver Imaging.- 2. Jaundice in Old Age.- a) Unconjugated (Prehepatic) Hyperbilirubinaemia.- b) Conjugated (Hepatic or Posthepatic) Hyperbilirubinaemia.- 3. Circulatory Disturbances.- a) Acute (Heart Failure, Shock).- b) Chronic Heart Failure.- c) Hepatic Vein Occlusion.- 4. Toxic Liver Injury.- a) Hepatic Necrosis.- b) Fatty Liver.- c) Hepatitis-like Reaction.- d) Intrahepatic Cholestasis.- 5. Inflammatory Diseases.- a) Viral Hepatitis.- b) Cholangitis.- c) Liver Abscess.- d) Chronic Inflammations.- 6. Cirrhosis.- a) Classification.- b) Incidence and Mortality.- c) Aetiology.- 7. Liver Failure.- 8. Infiltrations of the Li §04§ver.- a) Malignant Disease.- b) Amyloidosis.- 9. The Liver in Systemic Disorders.- a) Diabetes Mellitus.- b) Chronic Bowel Inflammation.- c) Collagen Diseases.- B. Biliary System.- I. Physiological Aging.- 1. Anatomical Changes.- 2. Functional Changes.- II. Disease of the Biliary System.- 1. Clinical Evaluation.- 2. Gallstones.- a) Clinical Features and Associations.- b) Silent Gallstones.- c) Medical Treatment of Gallstones.- d) Gallstones in the Common Bile Duct.- e) Gallstone Ileus.- 3. Cholecystitis.- a) Acute Cholecystitis.- b) Chronic Cholecystitis.- 4. Malignant Disease.- a) Carcinoma of Gallbladder.- b) Carcinoma of the Bile Ducts.- References.- Endocrine System.- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal-Adrenal Axis.- A. Introduction.- I. Adaptation to Stress, Such as Surgery.- II. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Interrelationships.- B. Morphology.- I. Hypothalamus.- II. Pituitary.- III. Adrenal.- C. Basal Function.- I. Hypothalamus.- II. Pituitary.- III. Adrenal Cortex.- 1. Glucocorticoid
