§16§This book examines the origins and execution of Russian military and political activities in Moldova, Georgia, Ukraine, and Azerbaijan. Using a realist perspective, the author concludes that there are substantial similarities in the four case studies: Russian support for minority separatist movements, conflict, Russian intervention as peacekeepers, Russian control over the diplomatic process to prevent resolution of the conflict, and a perpetuation of Russian presence in the area. The author places the conflicts in the context of international law and nationalism theory. §04§1. International Law, Realism and Nationalism.- 2. Ukraine.- 3. Moldova.- 4. Georgia.- 5. Nagorno-Karabakh.- 6. Conclusion. §02§James J. Coyle is Director of Global Education, Chapman University, USA and a Non-Resident Senior Research Fellow at the Atlantic Council. Dr. Coyle previously held a variety of positions in the US government, including Director of Middle East Studies, US Army War College.